Skip to Content

Globalisation NCERT Political science CBSE class 12 Notes Humanitas

CBSE Class 12 Political Science NCERT Chapter Notes for Globalisation Humanitas
24 April 2025 by
Globalisation NCERT Political science CBSE class 12 Notes Humanitas
Humanitas

Globalisation NCERT Political science CBSE class 12 Notes Humanitas

CBSE Class 12 Political Science NCERT Chapter Notes for Globalisation Humanitas


The world has become a global village. An event in the United States of America will have an effect on the rest of the world, as a testament to the all pervasive power of globalisation. The chapter provides an in-depth examination of the complex and multifaceted nature of globalization. It explores the underlying causes, consequences and form of resistance associated with this phenomenon. It also provides a comprehensive understanding of complex interplay between technological, culture, economic and political forces. Additionally, it will take a closer look at India's unique globalisation journey and how it's responding to these changes. 

What is Globalization?

Globalization can be understood as the interaction or interconnection between people, businesses and governments worldwide. 

Globalization has played an important role in the expansion of capitalism across the globe. Local and national economies are increasingly integrated into a global market framework. This shows a complex interaction between the domestic economic system and the border global economy. 

The globalisation is characterised by: 

  • The flow of ideas, from one region to the another. 
  • The flow of funds.  Funds transferred from one location to another. 
  • Flow of people. Globalization led to migration of people across countries in search for better living opportunities and living conditions. 

This perpetual exchange of goods, services and ideas fosters a complex web of relationships, giving rise to the notion of “global interconnectedness”. 

Causes of Globalization

Globalization is the way the world is becoming more connected. But what's causing it? There are several reasons:- 

  • Technological advancements have been a game changer. With the development of telegraph, telephone and microchip, global communication and interaction has become effortless. 
  • The advent of printing and subsequent technological advancements have significantly contributed to the dissemination of ideas and economic policies. 
  • Moreover, technology has enabled the seamless movement of ideas, capitals, goods and people across international borders. 

Political Consequences of Globalization

globalization is changing the world and politics is no exception. As countries are becoming more connected, governments are facing new challenges and opportunities. 

  • Globalization is affecting the way the government works and the power they hold. Globalization has prompted a critical reexamination of the Westphalian model of state sovereignty and government capacity. 
  • Big companies are gaining more influence and governments are focussing more on keeping people safe and less on providing services, thereby marking a shift from welfare state to smaller government. 
  • However, the multinational corporations are gaining more influence on governmental decision- making. 

This shift is forcing us to rethink the role of the state in the globalized world.

Economic Consequences of Globalization

Globalization has made the world into a vast interconnected marketplace. This interconnection is directly impacting the international economic policies of the countries. 

  • Economic globalization has resulted in intensified cross border trade, goods movement and financial transactions across nations. 
  • This liberalisation of trade and economies has resulted into reduced restrictions on import and foreign investments. 
  • However, the benefits of economic globalization are not shared equally by all the nation-states. Therefore a nuanced analysis of distributional consequences and societal impact of economic globalization is essential. 

Cultural Consequences of Globalization

The consequences of globalization are not only restricted to economic and political arenas, but also extend to cultural areas. 

  • Globalization has both,  direct and indirect impact on culture. The proliferation of globalisation has facilitated the transactional dissemination of ideas, products, lifestyle yielding a phenomenon of cultural homogenisation. 
  • The American way of living has become a dominant cultural paradigm, and has a huge influence on global culture. 
  • However, a counter-narrative is unfolding, that is of cultural heterogeneity, which believes that Globalisation has a potential to foster increased cultural diversity and uniqueness. 

India and Globalization

  • The colonial era witnessed a profound transformation of India's economy, driven by Britain's imperative to establish itself as a global power. They made India buy finished goods from them and export raw materials and primary products. 
  • To prevent the past experience of colonisation, India decided to take charge of the economy and closed its borders. Moreover it also prohibited people from exporting to india. 
  • However, the closed economy and the so-called ‘protectionism’ had its own disadvantages. Even though the country experienced considerable economic growth, some sectors like primary education, housing and healthcare didn't receive the attention they required. 
  • Since the country was not experiencing any profound growth with a closed economy, there was a realization to change the path. India introduced new economic policy in 1991, in response to the financial crises that it was experiencing. These changes were made with the intention of deregulating trade and foreign investments. 

Therefore, With the new economic reforms introduced in 1991, India opened its economy for the rest of the world. 

Resistance to Globalization

Despite the benefits that globalization has provided, there are many people who resist its influence across the globe citing concerns about homogenisation, inequality and environmental concerns. Globalisation skeptics raise a variety of claims.

  • The left criticises Globalization as the byproduct of global capitalism, saying that it only benefits the wealthier sections of society, and harms the underprivileged. 
  • Since globalisation is reducing states control over the territory, the state is losing its capacity to help the weaker sections of society. 
  • The rightists are concerned about the political, economic and cultural effects of globalisation and thereby oppose it. 
  • As mentioned earlier, since globalisation is affecting political control, there is an increasing concern over the deteriorating political situation of nations. Some states wish to bring back protectionism in some areas from an economic perspective. 
  • There's also a fear among people that a homogenised culture will prevail and people will lose their traditional culture, and will no longer follow traditional values and lifestyles. 
  • It is important to note that anti-globalisation movements are not isolated, they team up with people from other countries who share their concerns. 
  • The people who resist globalisation are not against the whole process, but they focus on specific issues, for example, the imperialistic policies. 
  • Notably, the 1999 world trade organisation (wto) Ministerial meeting drew massive turnout.

Explore Other resources from Humanitas: 


Share this post
Tags
related posts
Archive