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CBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY CH 1 VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR BOARD EXAM 2025

NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES
25 January 2025 by
Preeti goel

CBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR BOARD EXAM 2025

NCERT SOLUTIONS CBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY FOR BOARD EXAM 2025

We offer Different Solutions which students from Class 11 & 12 face during their CBSE boards exam preparations and also during their CUET UG preparations. Please check them out:

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CBSE CLASS 12 PSYCHOLOGY CH 1 VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR BOARD EXAM 2025

Question: 1. How do psychologists characterize and define intelligence?

Answer: Psychologists define intelligence as the ability to learn, adapt, and solve problems.

Key definitions from the textbook:

  • Alfred Binet: Intelligence is the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well.
  • Wechsler: Intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment.

The adaptive nature of intelligence includes:

  • Mental alertness.
  • Cognitive abilities like reasoning and problem-solving.
  • Adjusting to one’s surroundings.

Question: 2. Is intelligence a result of heredity or environment?

Answer: The nature vs. nurture debate is central to understanding intelligence:

  • Heredity (Nature): Intelligence is inherited, as shown by twin and adoption studies. Identical twins raised apart have similar IQs, proving the genetic basis.
  • Environment (Nurture): Environment shapes intelligence through education, family background, and socio-economic status. Deprivation or enriched environments can respectively hinder or enhance intellectual growth.

Conclusion: Intelligence is the result of interaction between heredity and environment.

Question: 3. Explain the multiple intelligences identified by Gardner.

Answer: According to Howard Gardner, intelligence is not a single entity but consists of multiple types:

  • Linguistic: Mastery of language (e.g., writers, poets).
  • Logical-Mathematical: Logical reasoning and numerical ability (e.g., scientists, mathematicians).
  • Spatial: Visualizing the world accurately (e.g., architects, artists).
  • Musical: Sensitivity to sound and rhythm (e.g., composers, singers).
  • Bodily-Kinaesthetic: Physical coordination (e.g., dancers, athletes).
  • Interpersonal: Understanding others’ emotions (e.g., leaders, counselors).
  • Intrapersonal: Awareness of one’s emotions (e.g., philosophers).
  • Naturalistic: Recognizing patterns in nature (e.g., farmers, botanists).

Key Point: Gardner’s theory broadens the traditional view of intelligence by emphasizing diversity in human abilities.

Question: 4. How does Sternberg’s triarchic theory explain intelligence?

Answer: Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which includes:

  • Componential (Analytical Intelligence): Problem-solving and analytical skills. Examples: Solving puzzles or academic tasks.
  • Experiential (Creative Intelligence): Applying past experiences to solve novel problems. Examples: Creativity in art, science, or innovation.
  • Contextual (Practical Intelligence): Ability to adapt, shape, or select environments to meet personal and societal demands. Examples: “Street smarts” or business acumen.

Question: 5. What is the PASS model of intelligence?

Answer: The PASS model, developed by J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby, is based on Luria’s theory of brain functioning:

  • Planning: Goal-setting, problem-solving, and decision-making.
  • Attention-Arousal: Focusing and maintaining alertness.
  • Simultaneous Processing: Integrating information to understand patterns.
  • Successive Processing: Arranging information sequentially, like remembering a sequence of numbers.

Key Point: Intelligence involves both cognitive processes and brain functioning.

Question: 6. Are there cultural differences in the conceptualization of intelligence?

Answer: Yes, intelligence varies across cultures:

  • Western Cultures: Emphasize speed, problem-solving, and abstract reasoning (cognitive skills).
  • Asian Cultures: Value social responsibility, cooperation, and holistic thinking.

Key Point: Intelligence is shaped by cultural values and the demands of the environment.

Question: 7. What is IQ, and how do psychologists classify it?

Answer: IQ (Intelligence Quotient) measures a person’s mental age (MA) relative to their chronological age (CA):

Classification of IQ Scores (CBSE Textbook):

  • 90–109: Average Intelligence.
  • Below 70: Intellectual Disability.
  • Above 130: Giftedness or High Intelligence.

Question: 8. What is the difference between verbal and performance intelligence tests?

Answer:

Verbal TestsPerformance Tests
Involve language-based questions.Involve non-verbal tasks like patterns and puzzles.
Require knowledge of a language.Culture-free; minimize language barriers.
Example: Binet-Simon Test, Wechsler Scale.Example: Raven’s Progressive Matrices.

Question: 9. Why do individuals vary in intellectual ability?

Answer: Intellectual variations arise due to:

  • Intellectual Disability:
    • IQ below 70, leading to challenges in daily functioning.
    • Causes: Genetic disorders, injury, or deprivation.
  • Giftedness:
    • IQ above 130, showing exceptional ability and creativity.
    • Gifted individuals require special educational programs to reach their potential.

Question: 10. Which is more important for success: IQ or EQ?

Answer:

  • IQ (Intelligence Quotient): Measures cognitive skills but doesn’t ensure success in life.
  • EQ (Emotional Quotient): Refers to emotional awareness, empathy, and social skills.

Studies suggest that EQ is more critical for real-life success, especially in interpersonal relationships and leadership roles.

Question: 11. How is aptitude different from interest and intelligence? How is aptitude measured?

Answer:

AspectDefinition
AptitudeAbility to learn a specific skill.
InterestPreference or inclination toward activities.
IntelligenceGeneral mental ability to solve problems.

Aptitude Tests: Measure specific abilities, e.g., Differential Aptitude Test (DAT).

Question: 12. How is creativity related to intelligence?

Answer: Creativity and intelligence overlap but are distinct:

  • Intelligence: Problem-solving within given rules.
  • Creativity: Thinking beyond conventional rules to generate original ideas.

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