CBSE CLASS 11 PSYCHOLOGY CH 4 SENSORY ATTENTIONAL AND PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES 

NCERT SOLUTIONS CBSE CLASS 11 PSYCHOLOGY CH 4

CBSE CLASS 11 PSYCHOLOGY CH 4 SENSORY ATTENTIONAL AND PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES NCERT SOLUTIONS 

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1. Explain the functional limitations of sense organs. 

Ans : Functional Limitations of Sense Organs

Sense organs have certain limitations in their functioning:

• Eyes cannot see objects that are too dim or too bright.
• Ears cannot detect sounds that are extremely faint or excessively loud.
• Other sense organs also operate within specific ranges of stimulation.
  For a stimulus to be noticed, it must have an optimal intensity or magnitude.

2.  Define attention. Explain its properties.

Ans : Attention: Definition and Properties

Definition: Attention is the process of selecting specific stimuli from a group of others.

Properties of Attention:

• Selection: Out of numerous stimuli, only a few are noticed.
  Example: In a classroom, you focus on the teacher while ignoring the walls or windows.
• Alertness: Being ready to respond to stimuli.
  Example: Participants in a race stay alert for the whistle to start running.
• Concentration: Focusing on one object while ignoring others.
  Example: Listening to a teacher's lecture despite external noises.
• Search: Actively looking for specific objects among others.
  Example: Spotting your sibling among many children at school.

3. State the determinants of selective attention. How does selective attention differ from sustained attention? 

Ans : Determinants of Selective Attention and Comparison with Sustained Attention

Selective Attention:

Selective attention involves focusing on specific stimuli from a larger set.

Factors Influencing Selective Attention:

• External Factors:
  • Size, intensity, and movement of stimuli.
  • Bright, large, and moving objects attract attention.
  • Auditory stimuli are more easily noticed than visual ones.
  • Novel and slightly complex stimuli capture attention.
  • Human figures are noticed more than inanimate objects.
• Internal Factors:
  • Cognitive Factors: Interests, attitudes, and preparatory set.
    Example: Stimuli that are interesting or align with one's mindset attract attention.
  • Motivational Factors: Related to biological and social needs.
    Example: A hungry person focuses on food.

Sustained Attention:

Sustained attention refers to maintaining focus on a particular object or event for a prolonged period.

Key Difference:

Selective attention is about choosing specific stimuli, while sustained attention involves focusing on them continuously over time.

4. What is the main proposition of Gestalt psychologists with respect to perception of the visual field?  

Ans : Gestalt Principles of Perception

Main Proposition:

Gestalt psychologists emphasize perceiving stimuli as an organized whole rather than separate elements.

Key Principles:

1. Figure-Ground Relationship: Differentiating an object (figure) from its background (ground).
   Example: A vase against a wall.
2. Contours: Brightness or color differences form boundaries that help define objects.
3. Grouping:
   • Similarity: Objects of the same shape, size, or color are grouped together.
   • Proximity: Items close together are seen as a group.
   • Closure: Gaps are mentally filled to form complete figures.
   • Continuation: Lines are perceived as continuing smoothly.
4. Camouflage: Disruption of contours makes objects blend with their background.

5. How does perception of space take place?  

Ans : Perception of Space

Humans perceive space in three dimensions due to the brain's ability to interpret two-dimensional retinal images as three-dimensional. Attributes like size, shape, and the distance between objects contribute to spatial perception.

6. What are the monocular cues of depth perception? Explain the role of binocular cues in the perception of depth. 

Ans : Depth Perception

Monocular Cues:

Monocular cues provide depth information using one eye and are often used in two-dimensional representations like paintings. Examples:

• Relative Size: Smaller objects are perceived as farther away.
• Interposition: Overlapping objects are seen as closer or farther.
• Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge with distance.
• Aerial Perspective: Distant objects appear hazy.
• Light and Shade: Highlights and shadows create a sense of depth.
• Relative Height: Larger objects are seen as closer.
• Texture Gradient: Densely packed textures appear farther away.
• Motion Parallax: Objects closer to the observer move faster than those farther away.

Binocular Cues:

Binocular cues use both eyes for depth perception.

1. Retinal Disparity: Slight differences in the images formed on each eye help determine depth.
2. Convergence: The inward turning of eyes to focus on nearby objects signals their closeness.

7. Why Do Illusions Occur?

Illusions result from mismatches between physical stimuli and their perception.

• Permanent Illusions: Universal illusions that do not change with experience.
• Personal Illusions: Individual-specific illusions influenced by personal interpretation.

8. How do socio-cultural factors influence our perceptions? 

Ans : Influence of Socio-Cultural Factors on Perception

Perception is shaped by cultural experiences and environments:

• People in dense forests (e.g., African villages) overestimate vertical lines due to familiarity with tall trees.
• Westerners, accustomed to rectangular structures, underestimate certain lengths.
• Hudson's Study: People unfamiliar with pictures struggle to recognize objects or interpret depth cues.
• Indian Research: Studies by Sinha and Mishra indicate that pictorial perception depends heavily on cultural experiences.

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