CBSE CLASS 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE NCERT SOLUTIONS CHAPTER 2 CENTRES OF POWER - HUMANITAS

NCERT Solutions & Questions CBSE Class 12 Chapter 2 CENTRES OF POWER

This article provides comprehensive NCERT Solutions for CBSE CLASS 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 2 CENTRES OF POWER. Completing all NCERT questions is essential for all school and board examinations.

We also offer Different Solutions which students from Class 11 & 12 face during their CBSE boards exam preparations and also during their CUET UG preparations. Please check them out:

1. Arrange the following in chronological order:

a. China’s accession to WTO

b. Establishment of the EEC

c. Establishment of the EU

d. Birth of ARF

Answer: The correct chronological order is:

• (b) Establishment of the EEC – 1957
• (c) Establishment of the EU – 1992
• (d) Birth of ARF – 1994
• (a) China’s accession to WTO – 2001

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2. The ‘ASEAN Way’

a. Reflects the lifestyle of ASEAN members

b. A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative

c. The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members

d. The road that connects all the ASEAN members

Answer: (b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative. The 'ASEAN Way' emphasizes informal, non-confrontational, and cooperative interaction among member countries, promoteing mutual respect and consensus-building.

3. Which of the following nations adopted an ‘open door’ policy?

a. China

b. South Korea

c. Japan

d. USA

Answer: (a) China. In 1978, China introduced the 'open door' policy under Deng Xiaoping, aiming to open up the economy to foreign investments.

4. Fill in the blanks:

a. The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over ______________ and __________________ region.

b. ARF was established in the year ______________________ .

c. China entered into bilateral relations with __________ (a major country) in 1972.

d. ________________ Plan influenced the establishment of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation in 1948.

e. ___________ is the organisation of ASEAN that deals with security.

Answer:

a. The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin region. 

b. ARF was established in the year 1994. 

c. China entered into bilateral relations with the United States in 1972. 

d. Marshall Plan influenced the establishment of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation in 1948. 

e. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is the organisation of ASEAN that deals with security.

5. What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations?

Answer: 

Regional organisations are established with the following objectives:

• To promote economic development through collective efforts, expanding trade and investment among member countries.
• To promote social progress and cultural diversity among nations, for a sense of community and shared identity.
• To maintain regional peace and stability by resolving conflicts and adhering to the principles of international law.

6. How does geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organisations?

Answer: 

Geographical proximity plays a significant role in the formation of regional organisations due to:

• Shared Interests: Neighboring countries often have common economic and security interests, making collaboration useful for them.
• Cultural and Historical Ties: Proximity can lead to shared cultural and historical experiences, promoteing unity in diversity. E.g: SAARC,ASEAN.
• Efficient Cooperation: It promote easier coordination and implementation of regional policies and programmes.

7. What are the components of the ASEAN Vision 2020?

Answer: 

The ASEAN Vision 2020 outlines the following components:

• Engaging actively with the global community to promote international and inter regional cooperation.
• Encouraging peaceful negotiations to resolve regional disputes, exemplified by ASEAN's mediation in conflicts like the Cambodian issue and the East Timor crisis.
• Promoting economic integration, social bonding, and cultural diversity to build a harmonious ASEAN community.

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8. Name the pillars and the objectives of the ASEAN Community.

Answer: 

The ASEAN Community is built upon three main pillars:

• ASEAN Security Community: Aiming to ensure that territorial disputes do not escalate into armed conflicts, thereby maintaining regional peace.
• ASEAN Economic Community: Striving to accelerate economic growth by creating a single market and production base, improving free flow of goods, services, investment, and skilled labor.
• ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community: Focusing on social development, cultural diversity, and environment sustainability to showcase a shared identity and collective responsibility.

9. In what ways does the present Chinese economy differ from its command economy?

Answer: 

China's current economy differs from its former command economy in several ways:

• Transition from state-controlled production to market-oriented reforms, which allows foreign investments.
• Implementation of policies to encourage  foreign trade and investment, for the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
• increase in industrial output, international trade, and per capita income, moving away from the stagnation characteristic of the command economy era.

10. How did the European countries resolve their post-Second World War problem? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.

Answer: 

Post-World War II, European countries sought to prevent further conflicts and promote economic recovery. 

• The United States introduced the Marshall Plan, providing financial aid for reconstruction. 
• In 1948, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established to manage this aid and promote cooperation among Western European nations. 
• Political cooperation increased with the formation of the Council of Europe in 1949. 
• These efforts resulted in the creation of the European Union (EU) in 1992, aiming for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation in justice and home affairs, and the establishment of a single currency.

11. What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organisation?

Answer: 

The European Union (EU) wields significant economic, political, diplomatic, and military influence. 

• Economically, it is the world's largest economy, with a GDP surpassing $17 trillion as of 2013, and its share in global trade is three times that of the United States. 
• Politically, member countries like France hold permanent seats on the UN Security Council, improving the EU's diplomatic clout. 
• Militarily, the EU's combined armed forces are the second largest globally, and it is a leading source of space and communications technology.

12. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.

Answer: 

Yes, the emerging economies of China and India have the potential to challenge a unipolar world. 

• Both nations have implemented economic reforms in order to gain rapid growth and increased global influence. 
• China has become a major destination for foreign direct investment and holds major foreign exchange reserves, attracting international investments. 
• India's economic liberalization has promoted growth, and both countries collaborate in international economic institutions like the World Trade Organization, advocating for the interests of developing nations. 

13. The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.

Answer: 

Regional economic organizations play a crucial role in promoting peace and prosperity among member countries. 

• By promoting economic cooperation, trade, and investment, these organizations help in reducing poverty and promoteing development. For example,, the European Union has significantly contributed to economic recovery and political stability in Europe post-World War II.
• Similarly, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been good in improving economic growth and regional stability in Southeast Asia. 
• Such organizations provide platforms for dialogue, conflict resolution, and collective bargaining in the global sphere, contributing to regional peace and prosperity.

14. Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions.

Answer:

• Contentious issues between China and India primarily include border disputes, particularly in regions like Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, and strategic concerns such as China's relationship with Pakistan and its activities in the Indian Ocean. 
• To resolve these issues and promote greater cooperation, both countries could engage in sustained diplomatic dialogues, establish clear and mutually agreed-upon border lines, and improve economic ties to build interdependence. 
• Confidence-building measures, joint military exercises, and collaboration in multilateral forums can also helpto lower mistrust and promoting a stable bilateral relationship.

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