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Mineral and energy resources NCERT Chapter Notes CBSE Class 12 Geography Humanitas

CBSE Class 12 Geography NCERT Chapter Notes for Mineral and energy resources Humanitas
17 April 2025 by
Akash Kumar

Mineral and energy resources NCERT Chapter Notes CBSE Class 12 Geography Humanitas

CBSE Class 12 Geography NCERT Chapter Notes for Mineral and energy resources


Mineral and energy resources are essential for industrial growth and daily life. Minerals provide raw materials for manufacturing, while energy resources like fossil fuels, solar, and wind power drive economic activities. Sustainable extraction and usage are crucial to prevent resource depletion, environmental damage, and ensure long-term energy security.

Minerals  

A mineral is a natural substance of organic and inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties. 

Types


Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals 

  1. Metallic Minerals: o Sources of metals like iron, copper, and gold. 
    • Categorized into:  
      • Ferrous Minerals: Contain iron (e.g., iron ore). 
      • Non-Ferrous Minerals: Do not contain iron (e.g., copper, bauxite). 
  3. Non-Metallic Minerals: 
    • Organic: Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, derived from buried plant and animal life. 
    • Inorganic: Minerals like mica, limestone, and graphite. 
  5. Characteristics of Minerals: 
  • Uneven spatial distribution
  • Inverse relationship between quality and quantity (high-quality minerals are less abundant). 
  • Exhaustible and non-renewable; require conservation as they cannot be replenished quickly.

Distribution of Minerals in India 

  1. Metallic Minerals: 
    • Found primarily in the peninsular plateau region within old crystalline rocks. 
  3. Coal Reserves: 
    • Over 97% concentrated in the Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi, and Godavari valleys. 
  5. Petroleum Reserves: 
    • Located in sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat, and the offshore Mumbai High region. 
    • New reserves identified in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins. 
  7. Major Mineral Belts: 
    • Minerals predominantly lie east of the Mangaluru-Kanpur line, concentrated in three major belts with some scattered deposits in isolated areas. 

India's Mineral Resources 

  1. North-Eastern Plateau Region 
    • Covers Jharkhand, Odisha Plateau, West Bengal, and parts of Chhattisgarh. 
    • Rich in iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, and mica. 
    • Major iron and steel industries are located here. 
  3. South-Western Plateau Region 
  • Includes Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu Uplands, And Kerala
  • Rich in ferrous metals, bauxite, iron ore, manganese, and limestone. 
  • Coal deposits are absent except for Neyveli lignite. 
  • Kerala: Monazite, thorium, bauxite, and clay. 
  • Goa: Iron ore deposits. 
  1. North-Western Region 
  • Includes Aravali ranges in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat. 
  • Minerals: Copper, zinc, sandstone, granite, marble, gypsum, and dolomite. 
  • Gujarat and Rajasthan: Known for petroleum and salt. 
  1. Himalayan Belt 
  • Contains copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, and tungsten. 
  • Assam valley: Mineral oil deposits. 
  • Offshore: Mumbai High (oil reserves). 

Ferrous Minerals 

Iron Ore 

  • Abundant resources; largest reserve in Asia. 
  • Main types: Haematite and Magnetite. 
  • Key states: Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. 
  • Important mines: 
  • Odisha: Gurumahisani, Sulaipet, Kiruburu. 
  • Jharkhand: Noamundi, Gua. 
  • Chhattisgarh: Durg, Bailadila. 
  • Karnataka: Ballari, Baba Budan Hills, Kudremukh. 
  • Maharashtra: Chandrapur, Bhandara. 
  • Andhra Pradesh: Kurnool, Cuddapah.
  • Tamil Nadu: Salem, Nilgiris. 
  • Goa: Emerging producer.

Manganese 

  • Essential for smelting iron ore and making ferro-alloys. 
  • Found mainly in the Dharwar system. 
  • Key states: 
  • Odisha: Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh. 
  • Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat, Chhindwara. 
  • Karnataka: Dharwar, Ballari, Chitradurg. 
  • Maharashtra: Nagpur, Bhandara. 
  • Minor producers: Telangana, Goa, Jharkhand. 

Non-Ferrous Minerals:

Bauxite: 

  • Primary Use: Manufacturing aluminum. 
  • Key Producers: 
  • Jharkhand: Lohardaga. 
  • Odisha (largest): Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Koraput. 
  • Gujarat: Bhavnagar, Jamnagar. 
  • Chhattisgarh: Amarkantak plateau. 
  • Madhya Pradesh: Katni-Jabalpur, Balaghat. 
  • Maharashtra: Kolaba, Ratnagiri, Kolhapur, Satara. 
  • Minor producers: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa. 

Copper: 

  • Primary Use: Electrical industry (wires, motors, generators). 
  • Key Deposits: 
  • Jharkhand: Singhbhum district.
  • Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat district. 
  • Rajasthan: Jhunjhunu, Alwar districts. 
  • Minor producers: Andhra Pradesh (Guntur), Karnataka (Chitradurg, Hasan), Tamil Nadu (South Arcot).

Mica: 

  • Primary Use: Electrical and electronic industries.
  • Key Producers: 
  • Jharkhand: Hazaribagh plateau (high quality). 
  • Andhra Pradesh: Nellore (best quality). 
  • Rajasthan: Jaipur to Bhilwara belt. 
  • Other producers: Karnataka (Mysuru, Hasan), Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal.

Energy Resources: 

Coal: 

  • Primary Use: Thermal power, iron smelting. 
  • Key Types: Bituminous (80%), lignite. 
  • Key Fields: 
  • Gondwana Fields: Damodar Valley (Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro), Godavari, Mahanadi, Sone river valleys. 
  • Tertiary Fields: Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland. 
  • Major producers: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, Maharashtra. 

Petroleum: 

  • Primary Use: Fuel, petrochemicals. 
  • Key Fields: 
  • Assam: Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran. 
  • Gujarat: Ankleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana. 
  • Mumbai High (offshore).
  • East Coast: Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins. 

Natural Gas: 

  • Primary Use: Domestic fuel, power generation, chemical industry. 
  • Key Reserves: 
  • West Coast: Mumbai High. 
  • East Coast: Krishna-Godavari basin.

Nuclear Energy:

  • Key Minerals: Uranium, thorium. 
  • Key Locations: o Uranium: Jharkhand (Singhbhum), Rajasthan (Udaipur, Alwar), Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh. o Thorium: Monazite sands (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh). 
  • Key Projects: Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu).

Non-Conventional Energy Sources: 

Solar Energy:

  • Key Advantages: Environment-friendly, cost-effective, 7–10% more efficient than coal or nuclear plants. 
  • High Potential Areas: Gujarat, Rajasthan.

Wind Energy:

  • Key Locations: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka.

Tidal and Wave Energy: 

  • Potential Areas: West coast of India. 
  • Current Status: Untapped. 

Geothermal Energy: 

  • Key Resource: Heat from magma or hot springs. 
  • Key Plant: Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh).

Bio-Energy: 

  • Sources: Agricultural residues, municipal and industrial waste. 
  • Benefits: Reduces pollution, provides rural energy, decreases dependence on wood fuel. 
  • Example Project: Okhla, Delhi (municipal waste to energy).

Conservation of Mineral Resources 

1. Sustainable Development: 

  • Requires balancing economic growth with environmental concerns. 
  • Traditional resource use generates waste and environmental problems. 

2. Conservation Needs: 

  • Protect resources for future generations. 
  • Focus on alternative, inexhaustible energy sources (solar, wind, wave, geothermal). 

3. Metal Recycling: 

  • Use of scrap metals (e.g., copper, lead, zinc) to conserve limited reserves. 

4. Substitution: 

  • Develop substitutes for scarce metals to reduce demand. 

5. Strategic Export Control: 

  • Limit exports of scarce and strategic minerals to preserve reserves for extended use.

Explore Other resources from Humanitas: 


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